The catalytic therapy based on tumor microenvironment (TME) responsive nanoenzymes has shown great potential in combating malignant tumors. However, their biological applications still face the problem of insufficient catalytic activity. Here, MoOx Rh metalloene nanoenzymes exhibit efficient enzymatic activity, with MoOx species atoms dispersed on the surface of Rh metalloene. The obtained structure enables MoOx Rh metalene to have the most exposed active oxide metalene interface and can finely regulate more atomic sites around the interface. The results of experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations support the view that atomic interface structures promote various enzyme like reactions. As a TME responsive nanoenzyme, MoOx Rh metalloene exhibits significant tumor therapeutic effects due to its inherent near-infrared photothermal effect and laser enhanced enzymatic catalytic activity. This study demonstrates the enormous potential of atomic interface engineering strategies in tumor catalytic therapy.